{"id":162,"date":"2024-10-05T19:41:47","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T19:41:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/?page_id=162"},"modified":"2024-10-06T02:18:51","modified_gmt":"2024-10-06T02:18:51","slug":"5g-nr-and-beyond","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/5g-nr-and-beyond\/","title":{"rendered":"5G NR and beyond"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In order to increase the data rate of cellular network, 3GPP defined a new set of radio frequencies for 5G NR and beyond. These radio frequencies are classified into two groups, FR1 and FR2 respectively. FR1 is also called sub-6 GHz band, which includes the traditional 3G\/4G bands and new band in the 3.5 GHz spectrum. FR2 bands are 6 GHz and above, which also includes the mmWave band n261 in the North America at 28 GHz. For more details on 3GPP definition and evolution, please see reference [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The FR2 bands are designed to provide very wideband data transmission. For example, n261 provides a bandwidth of 400MHz, while n257 commonly used in the Asia Pacific region provides a total bandwidth of 800 MHz. Undoubtedly, in order to support the next generation high bandwidth and low latency applications, FR2 bands will play a very important role. However, radio propagation is restricted by path loss that is related to the carrier frequency. A doubling of the carrier frequency would theoretically lead to an increase of 6 dB in path loss. As a result of this loss, a 28 GHz 5G NR signal would require 20 dB more power than a 2.8 GHz 5G NR signal to reach the same coverage area. There are also more losses in terms of penetration and shadowing as the frequency increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"570\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/layout.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-164\" style=\"width:431px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/layout.png 570w, https:\/\/teratempo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/layout-300x217.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: A 28 GHz 55 dBm mmWave base station (red) and a smart repeater (yellow) in a urban area (400m x 400m) confined by buildings (black).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/bs_only.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-165\" style=\"width:427px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/bs_only.png 550w, https:\/\/teratempo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/bs_only-300x233.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Heat map showing the signal intensity when only the base station is transmitting.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Figure 1 shows an urban area of 400m by 400m served by a 28 GHz 55 dBm mmWave base station in the position of the red dot. The black areas are footprint of buildings, while the yellow dot is a smart repeater behind a building. Figure 2 shows the intensity of the base station in the coverage area. A typical working signal level is above -70 dBm, which corresponds to an orange intensity level. Most of the area at the lower half of the map would have spotty coverage if only the base station is transmitting data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next we shall evaluate the effectiveness of having a smart repeater to improve the coverage of the lower half of the coverage area.<\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In order to increase the data rate of cellular network, 3GPP defined a new set of radio frequencies for 5G NR and beyond. These radio frequencies are classified into two groups, FR1 and FR2 respectively. FR1 is also called sub-6 GHz band, which includes the traditional 3G\/4G bands and new band in the 3.5 GHz [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-162","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/162"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=162"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":208,"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/162\/revisions\/208"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teratempo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}